Artificial intelligence (AI) / Machine intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is an intelligence which is demonstrated by machines, in contrast to the natural intelligence which is displayed by humans. Artificial intelligence is used to describe machines which mimic "cognitive" functions which humans associate with the human mind.

By the time, as machines get increasingly capable and the tasks considered to require "intelligence" are often removed from the definition of Artificial intelligence (AI), a phenomenon known as the AI effect.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a transformational technology, powering a change throughout the world. AI is disrupting everything in our lives and embedded in the new disruptive technology is INTELLIGENCE.

Consider an Example: If you search on the goggle to find the cheapest flight form Delhi to Mumbai, then you are using AI-enabled Google’s flight search engine; which uses a large amount of data through machine learning and computer vision.

Artificial Intelligence, with its sub sets of Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Neural Networks, Pattern Recognition, Natural Language Processing, Virtual and Augmented reality, Robotics, coupled with other new technologies like Internet of Things (IoT), Blockchain Technology and 3D Printing is revolutionizing the businesses and societies.

Classification of Artificial intelligence: 

a.     Analytical AI (cognitive representation of the world and learning is based on the past experience to inform future decisions)

b.     Human-inspired AI (understanding human emotions, and take cognitive elements along with human emotions while taking decision making.)

c.     Humanized artificial intelligence (shows characteristics of all types of competencies such as cognitive, emotional, and social intelligence)

Subfields of AI research:

·      Robotics

·      Machine learning

·      Artificial neural networks

Traditional goals of AI:

·      Reasoning

·      Knowledge representation

·      Panning

·      Learning

·      Natural language processing

·      Perception

AI Approaches include:

·      Statistical methods

·      Computational intelligence

·      Traditional symbolic 

Tools used in AI include:

·      Search and mathematical optimization

·      Artificial neural networks

·      Methods based on statistics, probability and economics

The AI field draws upon:

·      Computer science

·      Information engineering

·      Mathematics

·      Psychology

·      Linguistics

·      Philosophy

Why Artificial Intelligence field was founded?

 To claim that the human intelligence can precisely be described so that the a machine can be made to simulate it.

Chatbots

Chatbot is an Artificial Intelligence software leveraging machine learning capabilities to work. 

Chatbot’s job:To get the input (text or voice) from the user and return the processed response.

Example of Chatbot: Amazon’s Alexa or Google’s Assistant software. 

How Chatbot works:

Chatbot is a computer program which uses machine learning techniques, voice recognition, and Natural Language Processing to conduct an intelligent conversation with human being. Chatbot imitate the human behavior and responses and pass the Turing test.

Consider an example:
Suppose you are browsing an e-commerce website, generally a website has a lot of options to choose from, and sometime in a hurry you may not be able to find a particular product you want. To help you out form this, a chat window pops up and form chat window you can ask questions and the that will guide you through the buying process. Today this chat is powered by a bot, which replace the need to called up customer service for the help. 

Categories of Chatbot:

The Chatbot can be categorized as:

•  Informational bots (provide information back to our users, such as response to the basis calls)
• Application bots (put a front end onto some of our applications, such as voice or text interactions which we see in ATMs while withdrawing or depositing money)
• Productivity bots (Creating a bot on the top of backend Enterprise applications which allow executives or sales people to ask questions about the state of the business, and get answers through voice or text)

Where the Chatbots are found?

•      Chat services
•    Facebook Messenger
•    Mobile applications
•    Web application

Greenplum

·    Greenplum (Database management system) was a big data analytics company which has it headquarter in
    San Mateo, California

·     It is a Division of Pivotal Software Industry

·     Stable latest version of Greenplum is 5.10.0, which was released on July 2018

·     It works on Linux operating system

·     Greenplum is actively developed by the Greenplum Database open source community and Pivotal

History of Greenplum

Greenplum, the company which was founded in September 2003 by Scott Yara and Luke Lonergan. Greenplum was a merger of two smaller companies: 

a.    Metapa 

b.    Didera 

Greenplum is based in San Mateo, California, and released its database management system software based on the PostgreSQLin April 2005, and called it Bizgres. Rounds of venture capital were invested during 2006 and 2007.

·     In July 2006, a partnership with Sun Microsystems was announced, during which Sun Microsystems acquired
    MySQL AB. The Bizgres project was supported through 2008, when the product was just called "Greenplum"

·     In July 2010, Greenplum was acquired by EMC Corporation and thus becoming the foundation of EMC's big 
    data software division. At the time of acquisition, Greenplum's products were the Greenplum Database, Chorus 
    (a management tool), and Data Science Labs.

·    In 2012, Greenplum became part of Pivotal Software and its database management system software was
    known as the Pivotal Greenplum Database sold through Pivotal Software

·    In 2013, a variant using Apache Hadoop to store data in the Hadoop file system called Hawq was announced

·    In 2015, the GreenplumDB and Hawq open source software projects were announced

Technology

Pivotal's Greenplum database product uses the Massively Parallel Processing (MPP) techniques. In this, each group of computers (cluster) consists of:

·       a master node (catalog information is stored)

·       standby master node

·       segment nodes (here all of the data resides) 

Segment nodes run one or more than one segments, which are modified PostgreSQL database instances and are assigned a content identifier. For every table, data is divided among the many segment nodes based on the distribution column keys which are specified by the user in the data definition language. For each segment, the content identifier present is both has a primary segment and mirror segment which are not running on the same physical host. Whenever a query enters into the master node, it is parsed, planned, and dispatched to all of the segments to execute the query plan and then it either return the requested data or insert the result of the query into the database table. 

Greenplum Version 5

In September 2017, Version 5 of Greenplum Database was released, and that includes the first iteration of the Greenplum project strategy of merging PostgreSQL and General Availability of the GPORCA Optimizer for cost-based optimization of SQL designed for the big data.